Language Paper

Language is something that by and large every human has as a type of correspondence. It very well may be as verbal words, as composed words, or even as marked words, however it is something that as people we as a whole use somehow. The requirement for language advanced as a route for individuals to communicate their contemplations, their sentiments and feelings, and even their apprehensions. People required an approach to speak with one another to communicate things that ordinarily couldn’t be communicated. This paper is going to embark to cover language. It will cover the meaning of language and vocabulary, just as assess the key highlights of language. The paper with depict the four degrees of the language structure and handling just as investigate the job of language preparing in subjective brain science. While it appears to be so straightforward, language is an unpredictable just as interesting intellectual capacity that will be investigated more in this paper. Language and Lexicon If an individual were approached to characterize language they would most likely simply remark on the reality of verbal correspondence. Truth be told the genuine meaning of language is that it is an orderly methods for conveying by the utilization of sounds or customary images (Caplan, 2007). At the point when an individual discussions about dictionary they are actually discussing a person’s jargon. As indicated by Caplan, lexicon’s definition is that it is a language’s jargon or the language user’s information on words (2007). As expressed above language is a subjective capacity that is entirely of a procedure called the semantic procedure. The phonetic procedure permits an individual to have the option to deliver correspondence, yet to have the option to comprehend it also. This idea will be investigated more all through the paper. At the point when individuals talk about the structure of language it is commonly valuable to consider it having four levels. The four levels incorporate, discourse sounds or phonemes, words, sentences, and gatherings of sentences or messages (Willingham, 2007). The most reduced level phonemes, which are essentially discourse sounds, are the place the examination of the sounds that make up words comes in. Phonemes are fundamentally the individual hints of discourse that relate to the letters in the letter set of the individual attempting to utilize correspondence. On the off chance that an individual just ganders at simply the English language they would find that there are 46 phonemes. Worldwide an individual would discover around 200 phonemes (Willingham, 2007). Proceeding with the English language, the 46 phonemes that compare with each letter of the letters in order join in various routes so as to make the approximately 600,000 words contained in the English language alone. In every language there are sure standards with regards to phonemes expressing how the phonemes can be consolidated and where they can show up in a word (Willingham, 2007). A case of one of the principles in the English language is that a stop consonant can't show up more than once toward the start of a word. Phonemes are the principal levels that are joined to make words, which are the subsequent level. After that it goes into the third level wherein words consolidate together to make sentences. Obviously an individual can’t simply consolidate any words so as to make sentences, there are rules associated with this similarly as there are rules engaged with making words. All together for a sentence to be justifiable and be appropriate in structure an individual must incorporate legitimate language structure was well as legitimate request in the sentence itself. The last degree of language structure and handling is gathering sentences or making text. At the point when an individual discussions about content they are alluding to a gathering of sentences that consolidate together and that are connected so as to make a section or a gathering of passages. So as to cause a legitimate book there needs to be an association between the sentences engaged with the content. The sentences in the content need to identify with one another, they need to bode well, and finally they should have coherent associations that make each sentence pertinent to the past sentence. Language is characterized by five fundamental properties that are considered basic for language. The properties incorporate informative, discretionary, organized, generative, and dynamic. The principal property, informative, is a property on the grounds that as it portrays it licenses one individual to speak with someone else. Next in the properties is discretionary, which is the way that the connection between language’s components and their significance is subjective. With regards to images, intervention is one of the key highlights. A sound can represent an importance, yet concerning which sound represents which significance is viewed as subjective (Willingham, 2007). While language is discretionary, it is simultaneously organized also. Essentially meaning the example of images isn't discretionary in any way. Next is the way that language is additionally generative. The fundamental units of language, for example, words can be utilized to assemble any number of implications. At last, language is dynamic since it isn't simply static. As indicated by Willingham, language is changing continually as new words are included and the principles of syntax gradually and unpretentiously change (2007). Language Processing in Cognitive Psychology Language is an exceptional procedure when it is taken a gander at on a psychological level. Most definitely, people are the main being on earth that groups the capacity to have the option to impart through language. With regards to a person’s essential needs and wants an individual has just to convey them through words for them to be met. Another intriguing reality is that an individual can learn language quickly and viably through their youth, yet as an individual develops more seasoned language obtaining gets more earnestly for the individual. With regards to language preparing it assumes a key job in intellectual brain research because of the way that it unravels the manner by which an individual can discuss just as procedure, store, and recover the language that they procure. End When it comes to people the essential instrument of correspondence is language. Language is something that for the most part every human has as a type of correspondence. It tends to be as verbal words, as composed words, or even as marked words, yet it is something that as people we as a whole use somehow. The requirement for language developed as a route for individuals to communicate their contemplations, their sentiments and feelings, and even their apprehensions. People required an approach to speak with one another to communicate things that ordinarily couldn’t be communicated. Language is one of the exceptional intellectual procedures that people all offer and without language it is hard to speak with someone else. Without the degrees of language or the principles that are engaged with it would most likely be hard for individuals to comprehend each other, considerably less discuss successfully with each other.ReferencesCaplan, D. (2007) Language: Structure, Processing, and Disorders. Recovered November 10, 2010 from http://mitpress.mit.edu/list/thing/default.asp?tid=4344&ttype=2 Willingham, D.T. (2007). Discernment: The reasoning creature (third ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Person/Allyn and Bacon.

Fewer numbers without language - Emphasis

Less numbers without language Less numbers without language The individuals who consider themselves to be as number individuals than word individuals may be shocked to discover that their comprehension of numbers is really reliant on language. New research has discovered that, without language, it is difficult to appropriately understand bigger amounts. The discoveries originate from an investigation, distributed in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, of a hard of hearing network in Nicaragua. With no information on Spanish or formal gesture based communication, these individuals have made their own marking framework; however it doesnt incorporate jargon for numbers. This is in spite of the way that they live and work in a numerate society. During the examinations, individuals from the gathering regularly forgot about explicit numbers over three. In one test, members were approached to react to taps on the hand by tapping a similar sum back, yet they would in general be out by a couple. Theyre not uncontrollably off, says Elizabet Spaepen, the lead analyst. They can rough amounts, yet they dont have a method of getting to the specific number. In spite of the fact that people have been appeared to have an inborn numerical comprehension, we are just normally adroit at seeing little numbers and assessing enormous ones. We need words so as to overcome that issue. What language does is give you a methods for connecting up our little, accurate number capacities with our huge surmised number capacities, says Daniel Casasanto, a specialist at the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics in the Netherlands. Also, we wouldnt be the place we are today without this crucial connection. It has been the instrument that offered ascend to the general public we live in, Casasanto says. The high rises we work in and the PCs that were chatting on right now these things are conceivable in light of precise enormous number and people capacity to control them. An interesting point next time youre dealing with your portfolio, adjusting your checkbook, or sharing out MMs in the workplace.

Tips for Sophomore Year of High School TKG

Tips for Sophomore Year of High School When most kids think of college applications, they think about junior year as the pinnacle. But in our experience, sophomore year is the best year to start hitting the pavement. In this post, we discuss what you can do to stay on target and build a great foundation for your applications. Get Going Don’t think of starting your sophomore year as getting ahead. Consider that it’s really hitting the target at time in which some of your competition is beginning to fall behind. Take full advantage of this period in life where you’re engrossed in high school and you see the timeline of college applications ahead of you. Knowing where to begin is half the battle. You’re going to want to start off by creating a checklist. Brainstorm all of the activities you imagined yourself doing your junior year, from visiting colleges, to tests, extra-curriculars, and anything else that comes to mind   Get Out of Town Everyone should begin the process by finding schools that are right for them. Su re, you want to build a portfolio of grades, scores, and leadership that would be impressive to any school. But not all schools have the same requirements. Every school is looking for a different kind of student and most students are looking for different things in their choice of school. You’re going to want to tailor your application to fit the needs of your priority school, so it’s best to identify what those needs are now and act accordingly for the next two plus years.  You should start off by visiting college campuses. Most sophomores don’t know much about schools outside of what their parents tell them, what they’ve seen on TV, or what they assume based on a school’s name. The best way to really get to know a school is to visit. We recommend visiting a handful of schools in your geographic region. Your preferences will become more obvious to you as time goes on, your grades and scores will become a factor, on and your list will develop accordingly, so don’t start by spending a ton of money on visits this early when you don’t have an idea yet of what’s even realistic for you. Your goal in touring colleges is to begin identifying your likes and dislikes. Do you prefer the feel of a big school or a small school? Did you mind the commute from your hometown to the college? How do you find the weather? The other really important thing is to ask real questions to the right people. Remember, tours are promotional material put forth by the school. Go up to some real students (not student tour guides) on campus and ask them the questions you genuinely want to have answer toâ€"what’s their social life like? How is the workload? What are they interested in academically? Getting a real sense for what you want in a campus is a great launching point. Expanding Extra-Curriculars  Parents tend to think that their kids should start going out for leadership roles once they’re upperclassmen. We disagree. Strongly.Gone are the days when a 28 on the ACT , an A- average, and junior year as the president of the booster club got you into a great school. The goal is no longer just president of the student body. If you want to get into a great school, you’re going to need to be president of the student body who built a lasting and visible legacy. Your goal should be to build high-level systems through student organizations or activity that are truly impressive. If you’re going to reach that goal, then you should start by taking on leadership roles your sophomore year. Consider that the foundation upon you which you will want to build something greater.  ACTs, SATs, Subject Tests, oh my!  This is probably the part of college prep that freaks everyone out the most. But let’s get real. You’re going to have to do it at some point. So, you might as well just bite the bullet and get started now. Get going on your test prep second semester of sophomore year. That way, you can take your ACT or SAT in September or December of your juni or year and get ahead. Kids who don’t start until junior year take the test in March or May. Granted many kids decide to retake the test and also take SAT IIs, the timeline then pushes late bloomers into senior year.  Need help coming up with a college list that fits your needs? Reach out to use here. We love helping students find the right school for them.

Analysis Of Flaubert s Madame Bovary, Toni Morrison s...

Marriage is a covenant where two become one, cleaving to one another. The marital agreement between a man and a woman is a perpetual relationship establishing a covenant not a contract. As written on the Family Life website, Pat Ennis and Lisa Tatlock stated â€Å"A covenant cannot be broken if new circumstances occur. A contract can be voided by mutual consent.† In other words, the bond established by the man and the woman is an ongoing unending commitment to each another. In Gustave Flaubert’s â€Å"Madame Bovary,† Toni Morrison’s â€Å"Sula† and Kate Chopin’s two short stories â€Å"The Storm† and â€Å"The Story of an Hour† we see disloyalty, complex love, misery, unfulfillment and importantly, infidelity supposed matrimony. In the story â€Å"Madame Bovary,† Emma’s marriage is dull and uninteresting, her position as a wife and mother fails to make her happy or pleased. She has affairs with a man, named Rodolphe who is manipulative and seducing, also Leon who is a young musician. After she falls into misconduct she is still yet disappointed and unfulfilled in her desire for a meaningful life. For Emma, â€Å"†¦ all the bitterness of life seemed to be served to her on a plate†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Flaubert 62). She was angry and unhappy, with painful emotions – trying to fill a void within herself. Emma’s unfulfillment and ardent subjectivity boiled up to her breaking the covenant to her husband. Marriage as we must know, is ongoing despite the conditions. â€Å"Can two walk together except

Qué es un waiver ventajas, requisitos, costo y demora

Para las leyes migratorias de Estados Unidos, un waiver, que se  conoce tambià ©n como perdà ³n o permiso,  consiste en la no aplicacià ³n de una regla general para un caso concreto. Es otras palabras, es una excepcià ³n. Al aplicarse la waiver el solicitante podrà ­a sacar una visa o una tarjeta de residencia u otros beneficios migratorios que sin dicho perdà ³n no podrà ­a obtener. Es fundamental entender que la waiver es discrecional. En otra palabras, incluso  en los casos en los que es posible solicitarla porque se cumplen todos los requisitos, la decisià ³n final sobre si se aprueba depende en exclusiva de la voluntad del organismo o persona con capacidad para tomar la decisià ³n. Existen diferentes tipos de waiver y, a continuacià ³n se explican cuatro grandes categorà ­as en las que es posible beneficiarse de este permiso especial. Waivers para obtener una visa no inmigrante Cuando a una persona extranjera se le niega una visa no inmigrante, como por ejemplo la de turista, estudiante, trabajo, inversià ³n, intercambio, etc. por una o mà ¡s causas de inadmisibilidad, en  la mayorà ­a de los casos es posible pedir un perdà ³n a Inmigracià ³n, que se conoce tà ©cnicamente como un NIV waiver o 212(d)(3), por la seccià ³n de la Ley de Inmigracià ³n y Ciudadanà ­a que trata de este perdà ³n. Los casos mà ¡s comunes de causas de inadmisibilidad son estancia ilegal en EE.UU. por mà ¡s de 180 dà ­as, haber cometido una violacià ³n migratoria como presentacià ³n de papeles falsos, haber cometido un delito o causas mà ©dicas. Para todas esas circunstancias serà ­a posible solicitar una waiver. Sin embargo, es imposible en el caso de terrorismo o peligro para la seguridad de EE.UU. como, por ejemplo, los casos de pandillas. Tramitacià ³n de waiver para visa no inmigrante En estas situaciones de denegacià ³n de visa no inmigrante porque el solicitante es inadmisible, el oficial del consulado que niega la visa durante la entrevista puede sugerir que se solicite una waiver. En estos casos, se puede presentar la solicitud sin sin tener que utilizar una planilla en concreto. Tampoco hay coste de presentacià ³n. En general, se trata de una declaracià ³n en las que se especifican las circunstancias del caso y las razones por las que se solicita la waiver. Asimismo, es aconsejable incluir declaraciones juradas y/o pruebas de evidencias que apoyan lo que se declara en la carta. La peticià ³n de perdà ³n se dirige al consulado al tiempo que se aplica de nuevo por la visa. Si es consulado considera là ³gica dicha peticià ³n, la reenviarà ¡ con una recomendacià ³n favorable a Estados Unidos a la oficina de Admissibility Review Office (ARO, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) decida si realmente se aprueba. Si el consulado emite un dictamen no favorable, generalmente ya no se reenvà ­a a ARO. En estos casos, el solicitante de la visa puede insistir al consulado para que envà ­e la solicitud a la Oficina de Visas (VO, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) del Departamento de Estado para que revise dicha peticià ³n y determine si la peticià ³n de la waiver debe ser reenviada al ARO para que resuelva. Para decidir quà © peticiones de waiver aprueba el ARO tiene en consideracià ³n los siguientes factores: tiempo transcurrido desde el hecho que provoca la inadmisibilidadsi el hecho que causa la inadmisibilidad fue aislado o forma parte de un patrà ³n de comportamientorazones del solicitante para ingresar a EE.UU.efecto positivo o negativo que el viaje del solicitante puede tener al interà ©s de EE.UU.rehabilitacià ³n del solicitante La decisià ³n final de ARO se notifica tanto al consulado como al solicitante y sobre tal resolucià ³n no cabe apelacià ³n. En la actualidad el tiempo de demora de respuesta de ARO varà ­a entre cuatro meses y un aà ±o. Waiver para obtener una tarjeta de residencia (green card) Es posible que la tramitacià ³n de una tarjeta de residencia por medio de un ajuste de estatus o de una visa de inmigrante desde fuera de Estados Unidos no llegue a buen fin porque se considera que la persona para la que se la pide no es admisible. Es decir, le afecta una de estas 40 causas que provocan la negacià ³n de la green card. Hay diferentes tipos de waiver, segà ºn el tipo de problema I-601A Por ejemplo, los cà ³nyuges, padres e hijos solteros menores de 21 aà ±os de ciudadanos americanos que se encuentran en EE.UU. y su à ºnico problema es que ingresaron al paà ­s ilegalmente podrà ­an calificar por una waiver provisional I-601A por presencia ilegal. I-601 Para todos los demà ¡s casos de presencia ilegal para familiares que califiquen, verificar si se cumplen los requisitos para solicitar una waiver I-601. Este mismo waiver puede solicitarse para otras causas de inadmisibilidad como, por ejemplo, condena por felonà ­a, delitos morales, posesià ³n de menos de 30 gramos de marihuana, prostitucià ³n, enfermedades contagiosas, ciertas enfermedades fà ­sicas o mentales, falta de vacunas, fraude migratorio, etc. I-201 Waiver por deportacià ³n o expulsià ³n Casos para los que no es posible solicitar ningà ºn tipo de waiver Entre otras circunstancias, no es posible solicitar ningà ºn tipo de waiver en los casos de adiccià ³n o trà ¡fico de drogas, pertenencia a partido nazi, participacià ³n en genocidio, peligro para la seguridad de EE.UU., terrorismo, votar en elecciones en EE.UU., hacerse pasar por ciudadano estadounidense con posterioridad a 1997, espionaje, abuso de visa de estudiante, presencia ilegal en EE.UU. despuà ©s de haber cometido una violacià ³n migratoria, poligamia o secuestro internacional de nià ±os. Costo y demora de waiver El costo por aplicar es el siguiente: I-212, aplicacià ³n para readmisià ³n en EE.UU:$930I-601: $930I-601A: $630, ademà ¡s. los menores de 79 aà ±os deben pagar $85 por toma de huellas digitales y otros biomà ©tricos. En cuanto al tiempo de tramitacià ³n, varà ­a de caso a caso. Por regla general se demora menos de seis meses pero hay casos que se està ¡n tardando 10 meses y medio. Waiver de visa para ingresar como turista o para negocios Un ejemplo peculiar es el Programa de Exencià ³n de Visas, ya que aquà ­ ninguna persona pide que se le aplique la waiver sino que se concede a los ciudadanos de los paà ­ses acogidos a este  programa. Pueden viajar como turistas o por razà ³n de negocios a EE.UU. sin necesidad de solicitar una visa B1/B2. Su estancia no podrà ¡ exceder de los 90 dà ­as y no se puede pedir una extensià ³n de la estancia ni obtener una visa mientras se està ¡ en el paà ­s. Waiver en las visas de intercambio J-1 Las visas J o de intercambio tienen un periodo de vigencia limitado, que se puede extender pero no ilimitadamente. En algunos casos de visas J, una vez que se termina el titular de estas visas debe salir de Estados Unidos y su regreso, si se produce, no puede producirse antes de que transcurran dos aà ±os. Un ejemplo tà ­pico de estas visas son las J-1 para maestros o docentes. Para pedir la exencià ³n es preciso rellenar digitalmente el formulario DS-3035 y pagar un arancel de $120. En un plazo de entre dos y cuatro meses se notifica si se concede o no la waiver, aunque en casos particulares la resolucià ³n puede tomar mà ¡s tiempo. Tips a tener en cuenta Los perdones son complejos y difà ­ciles de obtener. Lo mejor es evitar situaciones que crean problemas con las autoridades migratorias de los Estados Unidos. Por ejemplo, no quedarse mà ¡s tiempo del permito dentro del paà ­s ya que tiene como consecuencia la cancelacià ³n de la visa y es posible que aplique el castigo de los tres y los cinco aà ±os. Los waivers o perdones son complejos. Es altamente recomendable contar con un buen abogado. Al mismo tiempo, evitar ser và ­ctima de un fraude. No existen conexiones especiales para obtener aprobaciones o para agilizar los trà ¡mites.   Puntos bà ¡sicos sobre la waiver migratoria Para las autoridades migratorias, waiver, perdà ³n o permiso especial significan lo mismo.Para casi todas las situaciones que impiden la aprobacià ³n de una visa o de una tarjeta de residencia permanente existe la posibilidad de solicitar un waiver. Pero no para todas. Ademà ¡s, el solicitante debe cumplir personalmente los requisitos que se piden el waiver que aplica a su casa.Hay varios tipos de waivers, cada una con su procedimiento, costo y tiempo de demora. Es fundamental entender cuà ¡l se debe solicitar segà ºn el tipo de caso. Es posible que se deban solicitar dos waivers al mismo tiempo. Por ejemplo, en los casos en los que se da castigo por deportacià ³n y castigo por presencia ilegal al mismo tiempo.Para presentar los papeles de un waiver es altamente recomendable contratar los servicios de un buen abogado migratorio, ya que es un asunto complejo. Este artà ­culo es informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal para ningà ºn caso concreto.

US Health Care Reform Formulation Stages - 2079 Words

Formulation Stage Senator Ted Kennedy struggled to reform U.S. health care going back as far as 1971 (Furrow, 2011p. 476), through the brain tumor that ended his life in 2009. Furrow traced Kennedys contributions through U.S. health care reform to the first year of the Obama administration, even though Obama did not push universal health care particularly forcefully on the campaign trail until Kennedy endorsed him (Furrow, 2011, p. 474). Kennedy, according to Furrow (2011), was at least a strong tailwind, combining with grass roots pressures to push Obama in the direction of tackling major health care reform (p. 475). The picture emerges of a senior politician pursuing a lifelong objective, teaming up with interested parties to leverage progressive innovation at a critical opportunity that had eluded generations of policymakers. Ironic today, Furrow (2011) attributed the Massachusetts reform as providing the test case (p. 473) and prototype (p. 474) for federal health insurance polic y that originally appeared as the Affordable Health Choices Act, provisions of which became the core of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) later in 2009. Furmans model case study reveals the persistence and collaboration it takes to move a law of the scope of ACA through Congress, even given the political weight and power of a Ted Kennedy. It took the combined effort of the labor movement, the nonprofit sector, and sympathetic legislators through Kennedys careerShow MoreRelatedThe Health Care System in US: Overview and Challenges3098 Words   |  12 PagesThe Health Care System U.S. World Complex Name Institutional Affiliation Date: The Health Care System U.S. World Complex 1. From the video, assess how regulations in the U.S. impact the claims and facts presented in this video. 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Hotel and Total Quality Lead free essay sample

Statement of the Problem Santino, Bendita together with their children traditionally attend Easter brunch. Bendita made a reservation to the hotel for about three weeks. Then, they arrived 20 minutes advance for them to assure that they will be seated early, but the hostess said that they didn’t have any reservation. The hotel did not list the reservation of Bendita. There’s a problem with the hotels accommodation. Solution The hotel employee must talk to the guests politely.I think it’s the hotels fault; maybe the telephone operator who talked with Mrs. Bendita did not record the reservation. They must record every single details of what is happening in the hotel. In Mrs. Bendita’s case they must apologize for the inconvenience of what had happened, and give another accommodation so that the guest will not get so upset. Recommendation Every hotel wants to reach their goal; the satisfaction of the guests. We will write a custom essay sample on Hotel and Total Quality Lead or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If they didn’t achieve it, try to learn how to accept errors and then continue for the improvement.Be optimistic and open minded for the good of your company. 1. Were the hostess’s actions consistent with a customer – focused quality philosophy? What might she have done differently? * The hostess did not talk to the guests politely, and after that she just turned to other duty without giving apology to the guests. They just reacted when they received a feedback from Santino, by sending Santino a letter. 2. How could you have reacted to the letter that Santino received?Could the Total Quality Lead have responded differently? What does the fact that the hotel manager did not personally respond to the customer tell you? * If I’m Mr. Santino, I will accept the fact that they did not recorded our reservation, but I’ve noticed that they didn’t apologize for that inconveniences, they must say sorry even though it’s not their fault, because they’re in a hotel, they must implement being hospitable and humble in their guests.

Economics Leading To The Revolutionary War Essays -

Economics Leading To The Revolutionary War After the end of the French and Indian War in 1763 the American people had taxes placed on them by the British. The British Parliament claimed that by placing the taxes they were defending the colonies for the Americans. During the twelve years following the war, the British enacted a numerous amount of taxes that allowed them to raise revenue from the American economy. This taxing of the American people hurt the American economy and started to push the American colonists toward an independence movement so they could have a free economy. Over the course of the twelve-year period there were six acts enacted to take money from the American economy. The Sugar Act of 1764 was the first act used by the British to channel revenue into Britain. The British specifically stated in the Sugar Act, a revenue be raised in your Majesty's said dominions in America, for defraying the expenses of defending, protecting, and securing the same? (The Sugar Act). This proves that the British were using this act just to raise revenue because they needed it to defray the cost of fighting against the French. The act forced tariffs on goods being imported into the colonies. Examples of these goods were sugar, molasses, foreign indigo, and coffee. This angered the colonists because they were depending heavily on trade with other colonies and countries outside of the North American continent. The colonists specifically stated in a petition from the Massachusetts House of Representatives to the House of Commons on November 3, 1764 that a ?prohibition will be prejudicial to many branches of its trade and will lessen the consumption of the manufactures of Britain? (King, Peter. Petition from the Massachusetts). The American colonists saw the impacts this act would have on the economy of Massachusetts because it was causing economic problems. The trade of one item of commerce being stopped caused problems. A person who depended on it could no longer sell it after they imported it. This still happens in our economy today. An example of this today would be something like Pratt and Whitney closing down a plant; it hurts the rest of the community that once benefited from it. The biggest problem for America was trade with the French. The economy of fishermen started to suffer when ?the French stopped permitting fish to be carried by foreigners to any of their islands unless it be bartered of exchanged for molasses? (King, Peter. Petition from the Massachusetts). Not being able to exchange fish for molasses caused the economy to suffer. The British stated that the colonies could only obtain molasses from British sources, which makes this suffering economy evident. The British not allowing fish to be traded with the colonies put the fishermen who depended on this as a livelihood out of business. This started to drive the colonists toward opposition against British involvement in North American affairs. The cause of this opposition was taxation, which was starting to hurt the economy. Another problem plaguing the economy of Britain was that the Americans continued to issue a large amount of paper bills. The British felt the effective way to halt the issuing of the bills was to put in place a Currency Act. They saw the paper money as ?greatly depreciating the value of debts that needed to be paid to his Majesty? (The Currency Act). This policy angered the colonists because they already had an act in place to keep them from selling and buying goods at cheap prices. The colonists stated in a petition to the House of Commons, ?they will not be able to pay back their debts if they are not allowed to issue currency?. This caused the colonists to become extremely nervous about being hurt economically from taxes being placed on them by a government who did not even know of the conditions in America. The Stamp Act of 1765 was the first direct tax placed on the goods being imported into the American Colonies. Just like the Sugar Act, the British Parliament enacted it to raise large amounts of revenue. The original Stamp Act document states, It taxed newspapers, almanacs, pamphlets, broadsides, legal documents, dice, and playing

Examination of Twitter and how social media can be used by businesses rely on immaterial labor The WritePass Journal

Examination of Twitter and how social media can be used by businesses rely on immaterial labor Abstract Examination of Twitter and how social media can be used by businesses rely on immaterial labor AbstractIntroductionDEELVRAAGResearch MethodologyMarketing op internetMarketing in TwitterLiterature reviewImmaterial labourFinding and discusionsTwitter als one-way marketinginstrumentTwitter as a source of news/ people opinionTwitter to create a hypeCompanies using   twitters users networkTwitter as helpdeskOther forms of twitter useCelebritiesPoliticiansTwitter ActionsFrom Free Labor to Voluntary Immaterial LaborReferenceRelated Abstract Nowadays the main trend on the net is the rissing numbers of Social media Appilications, which all have a common factor.   They all depend largely on the users-generated content in simle terms the users of the application. Users create the websites. The process of creating and adding content is a way of working which Italian autonomists call immaterial labor. An example of a social media site that is filled by immaterial labor, is Twitter Not only individuals use social media websites such as Twitter, companies also are active on Twitter. The site is increasingly used as a marketing tool, companies see the value of sending tweets to followers, twitter is becoming very important in companies marketing mix. There are books which addresses the ways you can reach potential customers on Twitter and there are even courses learning companies using Twitter effecitelve and as effecient as possible. Yet there is no clear one way process for the companies to use or to follow. Actually use of twitter by companies   can not be described in one particular method. The purpose of this dessertetion is to examibe the certain ways Twitter can be used by businesses and how enterprises could rely on immaterial labor of their followers Introduction Social media websites are in a rising trend. Each year a new website/application will be lauched on the internet. Tamar Weinberg describes Social Media in his book The New Community RulesMarketring on the social web  as ‘anything where users can participate, create and share content’[1] such as profile sites like Twitter and Facebook and collaborative sites such as Wikipedia and many other blogs. The rising number of social media Initiatives on the web, are resulting in rising numbers in user generated content.   Many of the Social Media sites are largely filled by content supplied by the users. This the delivery of content is an example of   immaterial labor. Immaterial labor is performing labor which has not to be the right idea of working, but yet there is an certain value generated.   An simple example of immaterial labor is posting a message on a social media website. You create a certain value in form of information regairing a certain subject. Other users may or may not use youre provided information. Twitter is a popular appilication of social media. This site is filled by its users.   People with a twitter account are able to to post short messages about anything.   The message should be decent and cant harm others in anyway.   Twitter is very strict with this. A person with twitter account can post messages about thire current situation,   what are they doing now, what they are thinking and they can also alert other twitter users . Reply from other twitter users is common aswell, this is called re-tweet in twitter terms. Many companies discover the power of Twitter. Since its foundation in the Netherlands alone there are hundreds of companies already using twitter,   companies such as Holland international, America express and many more. Companies which are using twitter are actively approaching potential customers each in their own way,   because twittering is a relatively new form of information transfer, there are few standardized methods on how it can be done.   Thus   many companies devise their own ways   using Twitter into their marketing strategy. In some approaches trying to fit twitter into the marketing strategy the immaterial labor of other users have a big impact on the company and its marketing strategy. The purpose of this dessertetion is to examine the ways Twitter is currently being used by companies.   DEELVRAAG In which ways   companys use twitter to spreak their messages? How are companys using the willingness of there followers to perform immaterial labour. Before the analysis a further explaination of immaterial labor is neccesarry. the theory of   Lazzarato and Terra Nova about immaterial albour will   be discussed in theoretical framework aswell as the terms social factory and free labour will be the main themes in theoretical framework.   After a clasification of the case study the different ways twitter used by companys will be analyssed and disccussed Finally, an formulation or the writers own criticism of the idea of free labor, by stating that the emphasis is strongly on the exploitation of immaterial labor Research Methodology This dissertation will be based mainly on the qualitative analysis. In which ways did twitter change the ideas about marketing. Marketing op internet Internet is still not yet fully integrated marketing tool by many companies. The reason is because Internet and the digital world in relative terms are fairly new, developments are followed up quickly, making it very difficult for marketers to perform on a certain development, something new seems interesting until a new features is   added. The Internet is a momentary medium, you can’t predict it, what today is a must for companies can be changed rapidly. Through this turbulent nature of the Internet, some companies are not really convinced to invest in this relative new media. Instead of this they try to use the so called old media like television, radio, newspapers etc.. This gives them a certain guarantee. Yet there are already companies that see the value of the Internet as a marketing tool.   There are many advantages.   Advertising on the Internet:   the range is large and the costs are relatively low. Moreover, if something is advertised on the Internet   companys can precisely track how many people see a particular ad, who clicks on it and many more features. The possibilities are endless. With the rise of Social Media.   Profile web sites such as Facebook and Twitter increase   the possibilities   for companies to invest in Internet even more. For   example, companies can be in touch with individuals on the social network, with almost no costs involved. Marketing in Twitter In a full page e-article in the Handelscourant ( Dutsch business newspaper) of april 2nd, 2011 an interview with businessman Jelle Van der Doorn: Companies that are not use Twitter are doomed. In this article Van der Doorn explains,   with the arrival of Twitter the trend on social media   is developing very rapidily. In one of the many handbooks that have been written about Internet marketing Twitter is explained as follows: Twitter is best described as a micro blogging service. The principle of Twitter is letting know what   you are currently doing. This is done using a text message that can consist of up to 140 characters. Such a message is called a Tweet in Twitter-terms. People who follow you see the Tweets which you write. Interestingly Tweets are often adopted by other people twittering creating a modern fuss/hype that often creates more widespread than the traditional media. Who, exactly, is using Twitter these days? A gadget-addicted tech geek? A twenty-something born-to-be-wired? Someone who has nothing better to do all day than post mind-numbering tweets? Of course not! These days Twitter crosses a wide swath of people from all walks of life.[2] This   fuss/hype will prove to be relevant to companies wanting spread the message to as many people as possible. A detailed expalnation about this topic will be done in the case study fouded in theoretical framework. While Twitter was created for individuals to socialise, Twitter appears to be very interesting for companies aswell. Especially as a platform for marketing, since Twitter is increasingly viewed by companies as an interesting marketing tool. There are conferences about Twitter, there are courses organized and there are books with tips on how to best use Twitter for your business. A recent publication on this issue from Hallis Thomases first book, she removes the prejudice about tweeter and explains why companies need to use twitter/ Who, exactly, is using Twitter these days? A gadget-addicted tech geek? A twenty-something born-to-be-wired? Someone who has nothing better to do all day than post mind-numbering tweets? Of course not! These days Twitter crosses a wide swath of people from all walks of life.[3] What Thomases   could not   know when writing her book is the fact that on April 15, 2010 an anouncement would be done by official Twitter Congress announcing that at that time there were 105 million Twitter users and 300,000 users joining twitter every month. Also interesting to mention is the fact that Twitter.com had a traffic of 180 million unique visitors/viewers each month. The number of users are still increasing. Thomases then provides that Twitter is still in development: Twitter’s full versatility has not even been tapped out yet. It seems like every few weeks, another innovative use of Twitter comes to light.[4] Literature review Immaterial labour Producing Tweets on Twitter is a form of work described as immaterial labor by   Italian autonomists. Sociologist and Social Theorist Maurizio Lazzarato gives as a definition of immaterial labor: labor producing informational and cultural conent of the commodity. Theorist Maurizio Lazzaroti makes a distinction between the informational and cultural content. As explained in these terms, he indicates that the informational content is related to the workflow of the workers. Nowadays, in the modern world, the labor   are increasingly following the   automated work processes trend meaning machines replace human labor. More work is done on or by   the computer and there is less hand work. Examples of occupations in this manner include journalist, bank employees, and many more. What these professions have in common is that they produce nothing physical. Both the form of work   and the final product is intangible. The cultural content is related to the nature of the work. Lazzarato describes the cultural content of immaterial labor as a collection of activities that are not immediately seen as work, but are actually are. An example is creating a public opinion, or   measuring cultural standards. A characteristic of immaterial labor in both the informational content and the cultural contemt is the increasing importance of the   individual subjectivity of the worker in employment. This in contrast to employment in the period of Fordism, where a strict separation between people who believed and those who performed was highly measurable. For example if you were a employee working in factory, you just had to   produce and not think. Nowadays labor is more focused on factory without walls   Tronti   describes this term as the social factory.   He means that the whole society has become a kind of factory. The process of production is not only done in factories, but production is decentralized.   Products are not only mad in factory. []the whole of society becomes an articulation of power; in other words, the whole of society exists as a function of the factory and the factory extends its exclusive domination over the whole of society.[5] The information flow on the Internet can be used to understand what is meant by Social Factory. With the rise of the Internet and the digital economy, labor is decentralized. People do not longer work in one place. Society and production facility become one, making the difference between work and leasure activity very low. People use their free time to work.   During working times they can do things as a consumer buyinm products from internet. The boundary between work and non-work is no longer clear. People can be employees, the producers, while being a consumer at the same time. A clear example is freelance. They work during their free time, or they have free time during their work, the difference between work and non-work has largely faded. Another characteristic of immaterial labor described by the Italian autonomists is the idea that consumption no longer leads to destruction. Earlier, during Fordism,   the life cycle of produced goods was simple. Something was produced and was then consumed. During the process of consuming the product was and some products more slowly than others destroyed. Today, consumption lead to a new form of production. Lazzarato writes: The particularity of the commodity produced through immaterial labor [] consists in the fact that it is not destroyed in the act of consumption, but rather it enlarges, transforms, and creates the ideological and cultural environment of the consumer. This commodity does not produce the physical capacity of labor power; instead, it transforms the person who uses it. Immaterial labor produces first and foremost a social relationship.[6] The consumption of something does not automatically means the end product. If you consume information as a consumer this leads to the production of new information. Examples of cases involving consumer consumption which leads to production of new information can be seen on popular websites that use popularity ratings. On the video site YouTube, for example, you can   track how many people have looked at some clips. After viewing a certain clip the view rating will rise in this way youtube can produce best viewd clips day/week/month/year. So when you view a clip( consumption) you produce information ( +1 in viewed ). With this information websites such as Youtube, Twitter and many more can make money by offering this most viewed clips as a potential market for a promotion tools. A compnay knows exactly how many people will see the advert if they play a advert before this popular clip. The popular the clip(youtube example) the more a company has to pay in order to promote the product s. Companies are not the only ones who are broadcasting   on Twitter. Company are partly dependent on other Twitter users.   These other twitters will retweet information to the other users in positive or negative way, They also can ask question regaring certain products/services. Twitter users can also simultaneously produce and consume information. Through Retweet (RTs) making a new Tweet from a old Tweet.   For example company A offers new kind of holiday packages Tweeter A consume the information and Retweets on the old tweet regarding the package holiday by mentioning other compnays offering same/better services( Producing new information while consuming the old one) Consumption on twitter leads to production. Describing Lazzaratos theory of immaterial labor in previous chapter, producing content for the Internet such as Tweets on Twitter – can be seen as immaterial labor. However, it can also be seen as what Terranova appoint in her article: Free Labor. This type of work is characterized by two things, first, the work with no money in return( free as costless),   and secondly its not an forced work, people do it because they like it (free as volentary). Especially in the early days of the internet, this form of labor was very popular. People were   building communities and sites filled with certain content. Now the proportions are slightly different In the overdeveloped countries, the end of the factory has spelled out the obsolescence of the old working class, but it has also produced generations of workers who have been repeatedly addressed as active consumers of meaningful commodities. Free labor is the moment where this knowledgeable consumption of culture is translated into productive activities that are pleasurably embraced and at the same time often shamelessly exploited.[7] Content produced by individuals on the Internet, have been shamelessly exploited by large media companies. These include using content of their visitors to get more people on their website.Having more visitors, means more revenue from advertising. Indirectly the work of indivuals using free labor will be used to make money. Video Site YouTube.com is an example of a website which works this way. The site consists of movies made ​​by individuals. But the only ones who are   making money are the owners of YouTube, Google. Later in this dessertetion an further analyse of   operating principle exploitation of free labor wil be discsusses. Finding and discusions To explore ways Twitter is used by companies for marketing and selling purposes and to analyze how they make use of the immaterial labor of individual tweeters, a more detailed description of number of ways twitter is use by company will be described in this chapter. This will be grouped in the ways company use twitter and in each sub section a feed back will be created to notion of immaterial labour. Firstly   there is a clear distinction between two major ways Twitter is used.   Some forms of Twitter use are clear, but its usually one direction, others are seen as a dialogue, two sided. Companies that use Twitter as a one-way marketing tools are most similar to old media, which only broadcast.   Ã‚  Tweets   are   broadcasted or Tweets are read, the information transfer is one way here. Other companies are more interactive. They respond to tweets of others, mix with poeple in online conversations and answer questions. Twitter als one-way marketinginstrument Company use Twitter   in the same way as they are using the old media like television, radio and print: as one-way instrument. It is intended to deliver a certain message through the media to the end consumer. Companies hope to get the attention of customers, because attention can lead to revenue. The concept of attention is defined in management terms as;  ´ [] focused mental engagement on a particular item of information. Items come into our awareness, we attend to a particular item, and then we decide whether to act’.[8] Eventually companys hope offcourse that customer will recognise the product and decide to act on it and in many cases buy the product.   With the concept of audience commodity Smythe explains that people are actually working, while not being at work, they are employed by the advertisers. On television, on the streets and now the Internet, they are constantly exposed to information and ads. It also deals with audience: ‘because audience power is produced, sold, purchased and consumed, it commands a price and is a commodity’.[9] As everyone now easily own contents and information on the Internet because of the easy   use of putting information online,   there is more information than you can pay attention to as an individual. Attention has become scarce, demand is greater than supply. This is the reason for companys to employ special people who can highlight the companies products/advertisement on   the Internet. all kinds of different platforms are used here: websites, advertisements, virals and social media. According to media scholar Andrew Keen   the era of social media and   in general   the rise of Twitter has been charctarised   by attention economy, Twitters ascent marks the end of the Web 2.0 period (1999-2009) and the beginning of [] what i would call the attention economy. He argues this view by stating that Twitter is all about attention, people want to be followed by many people as possible and like it when their message are viewed by many twitter users. Many Company use twitter to ask the opinion of the audience, trough the broadcast model ( from 1 sender to many recievers). Example of twitter account using this method are; John Lewis, Social party, bbc channel and many more. Examples of Tweets used by these companys are; As a MemberoftheJohn lewis you will   get10% discountonourcosmetics! Besidessavingyourpointsformore fun stuffsoon Reminder: TonightonChannel 2, 22:50 pm TheBattle ofBrussels. Dexterat 23:00hoursonchannel. 3andat 23:20hoursCannesFilmJournalon channel. 1! What really highlights this tweets is the use of the so called old patron of broadcasting.   Message ahs been transmitted by 1 sender and has been received by many receiver, there is no further interaction. Twitter as a source of news/ people opinion Twitter can be used as a medium to broadcast a certain message, similar to the old model of broadcastting like television. But Twitter can also work in other ways; for instance, it can also be used as a source for other media. This is shown by the example of the BBC broadcast following the egypt situation on 15/03/2011. In this broadcast the preliminary results are reported, there was reporting from the country, and the results were analyzed. So it was a traditional report analysation. BBC also used a seperarte part of the broadcast by reading some interestting tweets, in a so called BBC Cube ineternet. Internet Editors talks about certain interesting tweets twittered by other people rergarding the situation in egypt. What was new however, is that there is a cube internet was broadcasted. Internet Editor Jerome Johnson talked about the tweets send by twitter user regrarding egyptian revolts. Johnson and BBC use tweeter as a medium to get the people opinions about certain objects and information. Italian autonomists would describe this as Twitters general intellect. When the workers are freed from spending all their time at the assembly line, new forms of subjectivity and knowledge arises – the general intellect – creating [] ‘mass intellectuality’, a â€Å"repository of knowledges indivisible from living subjects and from their linguistic co–operation†[10] The idea of ​​general intellect is originally originated from Marx, who predicted the development towards a capitalist system where the subjectivity of the worker and his knowledge would increasingly be a major aspect. The development of fixed capital indicates to what degree general social knowledge has become a direct force of production, and to what degree, hence, the conditions of the process of social life itself have come under the control of the general intellect and been transformed in accordance with it.[11] BBC is not the only news channel using twitter in broadcast session. In a news report of CNN tweeter plays a important role for a very long time now.   Both on the website of CNN as   in the news bulletins on TV   CNN refers to Tweets. On television the internet editor reports the news, while he treats a specific item on its display, tweets are being sended by the general twitters regarding this subject the CNN internet editor trys to highlight and report couple of interesting tweets sended by twitter users. A good example of such an item is in Haiti after the earthquake in January 2010. Because of tweeter many local haiti people could describe the situation in haiti in tweeter sending tweets to BBC as a video link, or text comments. According earthquake expert Earle Twitter is a ideal social medium to collectively share   experiences with each other. Increasingly tweets are being reported before major news channels gets the informations regarding a certain event. Also in the case of Egyptian revolt, Tweeter was the first internet medium to highlight this issue. Many tweets were sended by eye witnesses to BBC, CNN and any other news channels explaining the current situation in egypt. CNN took advantage of that   by implementing this idea to the main CNN website now yiu can read tweets on cnn website in a so called eyewitnesses reports, this is a great idea for people who dont have a twitter account. CNN is monitoring tweets and other messages from people in Egypt and reports from those who said they have been in touch with friends and family. CNN has not been able to able to [sic] verify this material.[12] Example of a Tweets sended by a anonymous tweeetwer user to CNN : Felt that, loud and clear. Were in Cap Haitien. House (really the whole world) shook for about 30 seconds From Twitter user firesideint (Luke Renner) at 5:20 p.m. ET Just experienced a MAJOR earthquake here in Port au Prince walls were falling down. we are ALL fine pray for those in the slums From Twitter user troylivesay in Port-au-Prince, Haiti at 5:24 p.m. ET The remarkable thing is   that CNN uses Twitter as a source of   eyewitness testimonys rather than   a platform with views of the people, as did the BBC during the broadcast on the Egyptian revolt.   A feature that CNN and the BBC have in common is usage of immaterial labor of the   individual tweeters. Twitter users tweeting message at home in their free time and on their own initiative, create value for the news channels, without actually felling being a employee and perfomring a certain task. This fits the description that Lazzarato gives on immaterial labor, the idea that the immaterial labor does not feels   like real work. Terranova   would argue with the fact that   CNN is exploiting the information gained from tweeter users, because CNN uses the information gained from   tweeter in theire news report without actually rewarding in monetary terms or in any other ways the author. Information Broadcasting is a way for CNN to make money, because they get more viewers if they provide good news coverage. The information they get from Twitter, they use that for the same viewers. CNN is creating value from the information on Twitter, without   providing the original author   something in return. Compared with traditional journalism is that in this new form of journalism, opinions and knowledge of the people in short, the wisdom of the crowd -plays a a greater role before the rise of Twitter. Before the rise of tweeter the opinions of normal people only were dealt within television programs which were easily accessible. In news reports the opinions were only given by correspondents, reporters and social elite. Non only news channels gained valuable information on tweeter, the faaous free newspaper Metro actually encourage people using tweeter and sending interest tweets to the editors. Metro mentions Twitter in their section Tweet Week: the modern readers letters section.   Tweets about the metro and   replys   regarding certain inetersting questions are put here. In this way of using twitter it is clear that   the idea of immaterial labor is characterized by the notion that production does not lead to destruction, but to new consumption. Especially in the example of the metro this is really highlighted. The first act of consumption, reading a magazine leads   to the production of tweets containing their views on a particular article. The editors of the Metro are consuming reading and react on this by publicing a certain section on this.   Finally the readers consumer   it again by reading the section of the magazine. Twitter to create a hype In the two previous ways of using Twitter, the message was always one sided: companies use twitter as a form of advertising on the Web, the message is send to   large group of people or companiies use messages from individual Twitter users for themselves, opinions or news value that can be used by other media. But Twitter can also be used in complex ways. Companies can offer both their (advertising) message to send to their followers, and immediately ensure that Twitter users spread the certain message to others in different ways such as re-tweets or face to face advertising. When a company wants to distribute Tweets they want to be ensured that their message gets to as many people as possible. To circulate the company name and message as much as possible,   the companies are largely dependent on the willingness of individual twitter users to perform immaterial labor. This immaterial labor takes form of re-tweets, company A send information to the followers, the followers re-tweet( resend) the message to other tweeter users. This is form of a immaterial labour. For some companies, the purpose of their activities on Twitter is to create a hype/buzz around their companys name or product. Creating a hype or a buzz is a powerfull marketing way to advertise. Instead of trying to send a certain message to each potential customers many customers use a hype marketing, by trying to achieve a situation when customers promote the companys products by sending messages to each other. Research shows that 78% of consumers believe other consumers when it comes to companies and products, while only 14% of consumers find advertising reliable. Hyping or buzzing is explained by as Thomas Jr. as buzzing. ‘[] the amplification of initial marketing efforts by third parties through their passive or active influence .[13] Buzz or hype is a form of face to face or worrd to word advertising. According to Grewal this is an important source of information for consumers. Face to face influence   how people think about a product. It also appeared that word-of-mouth advertising has more impact than information which is printed, and generally considered as the most reliable form of advertising. An example of a company that has unleashed a so-called buzz, is the Donald Duck magazine. Since early February 2010, they created fictitious accounts on Twitter for some Duck city residents, like Donald Duck, Scrooge McDuck and Mickey Mouse Twitter. Through these accounts, they put out story lines and let them Duck city Residents interact between each other. Meanwhile the figures are followed by thousands of people. According to editor Jim van der Weele   the participation of Donald Duck on Twitter a great success and many of their messages are beein re-tweeted. Also newsworthy messages can spread rapidly on Twitter using the immaterial labor of tweeters. A recent example is from Green lands 28 September, 2011. Then there was the official Twitter account of the Green lands   festival reported the following: The requalir tickets to the grean lands festival has been sold out, however the combo tickets are still available, visit greenlands.nl for further information [14] A day later, there was a mistake made ​​at the ticket sales, according to the following tweet. THERE WAS AN ERROR IN TICKET SYSTEM: 10,000 CJP MAPS WERE DOUBLE LOCKED. THEY ARE NOW AVAILABLE AGAIN. SEE SITE # LL10[15] This tweet was re-tweeted   by nearly 100 people, who all had their own followers. The effect was noticeable within one day the remaining 10,000 tickets were sold out. Because of twitter Green lands tweet was spread to huge potential customers base. Because   of all of   those tweeters voluntarily and on their own initiative the message was sent by Lowlands of their followers, they made ​​sure that many tickets were sold. To some extent, they created their value so geretweet Lowlands. This can be seen as a form of exploitation from Lowlands seen. The organization used the free laborof their followers to make money on ticket sales. They all reported benefit from the willingness of their followers to do work, in this case the tweeting of information to their followers. According to the popularity of adding feature # fail in Twitter. A company can be discussed by individuals in tweeter in positive or negative way. If people are unhappy with   a company, Twitter is a popular medium to discuss those complaints. Such an addition, which is called hashtag, are been used by tweeter users when they are not happy with a certain information. On the night of 25th January 2011 when the egyptian revolt took place. Many tweeter users where unhappy with the information provided by certain news channel. People found that this news channel did not provied accurate news, and let it know toeach other. There were many negative reports about   this news channel in Twitter. Due to the immaterial labor performed by tweeter users and, even those who criticize others re-tweet, this certain newschannel recived a bad reputaion in Twitter and was described as poorly news channel. There was a negative buzz about the broadcasting and provided information. Tthese three examples shows   you can not control, direct or change   the buzz and being buzzed as a company.   The buzz can be an unforeseen side effect for companies. Companies using   twitters users network A famous addition in tweeter is the Please RT. This stands for Please Retweet. This means that those who send the Tweet ask all the readers to re-tweet the message to theire followers. This can be a very easy way to get your message read by many people. Author and media expert Erwin Blom experienced this when he lauched his new bookHandbook Communities in twitter with posting   comment asking his followers to retweet his message about his new book. On his site he writes what happened with his message: I have a small base of 6,000 followers. Within that group the message   was re-sent sent by many other people. This so-called re-tweets made ​it ​sure that my message did not only reched the people who follow me, but it also reached a majority of my followers followers. In recent   8days   [sic] a small number of   959 tweets was placed regarding the   Handbook communities. Through Tweetreach I have calculated that I reached a audience of 117,497 people[sic] with no marketing budget, no traditional media, simply through the power of the network. With a Tweet and mouth to mouth advertising, more than one hundred thousand people have been reached! Word-of-mouth advertising that Barnes is talking about, or so called word to mouse   exists only because of the immaterial labor tweeter users perform. Some of the 6000 followers   of Blom performd labor by re-tweeting his message to there followers. Those people   obviously do not feel this as work, they did almost nothing. Yet they created value for the writer, and also indirectly for the publisher and bookstores. But there is another aspect that emerges here, by using Twitter Blom generated value from the network of people. Because of the people who re-tweet post to all their own networks of friends, colleagues and acquaintances, the information can spread widely. If people would not have such network, the message would not reach many people had so the message would had little value. This network of acquaintances Bourdieu described as social capital: The total existing of potential resources arising from the possession of a more or less institutionalized sustainable network of relationships of mutual acquaintance and recognition [] that each of its members is a so called spine in the collective capital. Using Twitter you   generate value from the contacts people have between each other their social capital is utilized. Hardt and Negri suggest that instead of the assembly line in the factory now the network has become the organizational model of production. Another interesting fact of using users twitter network, shows us that it actually   pays off to have a large social capital, in this case in the form of many followers. Reporter GeenStijl TV Rutger Castricum tweeted on february 18, 2011: Buy youre tickets from trnsavia, GREAT DEALS A few minutes later a re- tweet from Rutger, Haha, my holiday pack to ibiza is free, just before my first message transavia called me to put tweet   Buy youre tickets from trnsavia, GREAT DEALS on my porifle page and re twet to all my followers, in exchange they prmoised me free holiday to ibiza, GREAT. At that time Rutger Castricum had 8617 followers, the Transavia advertising was already   seen by rutgers 8617 followers. Airline Transavia knows popular people will have a large amount of followers thus there social capital is fairly high. Transavia used his popularity in their advertising campagne. As the second Tweet show, they sought contact with Rutger Castricum and asked him to post the first message on Twitter. Transavia asked rutger castrcum to perfom immaterial labor. Rutger Castricum did not think putting a tweet as performing labour, but still he perfomed labour which adds value to transavia. ListenRead phoneticallyBesides, in this case Castricum had a reward in a from of a free flight – from transavia. But this is very uncommon in twitter world. Allmost all the immaterial labour perform on twitter is with no reward in any forms. Generally people are tweeting without asking anything in return. This fits the description of Terra Nova Free Labor. At the moment when people produce something, such as information or knowledge, it can be exploited by large companies, who   basically   earn money by immaterial labor supplied by individuals. Terranova explains this as follows: If knowledge is inherently collective, it is even more so in the case of the postmodern cultural economy: music, fashion, and information are all produced collectively but are selectively compensated.[16] Companys are the actual earners earning money from immatrial labor perfomred on the net. People themselves often get nothing in return. This may be one reason why companies are active on Twitter. Firstly, there are many individuals who can help others with a certain message to get, and secondly it costs a company no money, they use the free labor of tweeters. Twitter as helpdesk Many people use Twitter as a guide or help desk.   All   the random questions of all kinds of subjects can be found on twitter. The reason why twitter is such a good source media is because , among others twitter has a very   large amount of people   using it. It appears that there is always someone who knows the answer   to a certain question. Basically this is the idea of wisdom of the crowd, or collective intelligence. In science, there is a disagreement about the usefulness and quality of collective intelligence. According to Surowiecki, the mass has a greater intelligence compared to   isolated individuals. With more people   you have a greater degree of knowledge. Twitter is an ideal medium for information, because with the increased mass there is a great knwldege to be found. A famous feature in Tweeter is the co salled daretoask. People who have a question, put in the   # daretoask in their Tweet question.   people wanting to answer a certain question can search with the # daretoask option. In this way, Twitter can be seen as a place where demand and supply of information meets each other. The reason why this certain way of twittering has become so popular is that it is very easy to tweet your question. You type in the question, you press send and within a few minutes you can expect some asnwers from other twitter users. Answering questions is immaterial labor, as it happens in peoples leisure time. It does not feel like work, but despite that there is something produced, people produce information for each other. Some companies have recognised   the simpliltiy of twitters option as a question and answer   for consumers . This is reflected in accounts of companies like T-Mobile, UPC and KLM. The Twitter Employees of these companies provide paid – immaterial labour and webcare. According to Social Media expert Blom, webcare can shortly be described as Listen. Monitor whats being said about you and respond, explain, help . When in december 2011 the coldest winter in recent years hits Netherlands and in other parts of Europe allot of   travellers stranded at airports around the world and it was chaos at airports. KLM received many questions over the phone and could not initially provide good service. The company decided to deploy social media, and it started to help people through Twitter and Face book. On their Twitter account www.twitter.com/klm they answered questions, provided information and tried to help people by getting them a replacement flight. The employees of KLM web care   performed immaterial labor on Twitter by putting information on Twitter and interact with their customers. After the situation was stable again, People started twittering positive tweets about KLM and their service. KLM   basically did not use the immaterial labor of those other tweeters, rather it was an unforeseen consequence of their service. But the principle remains the same. When a company provides a good service this can be twittered by individual tweeters. The immaterial labour they perform provide a positive buzz and name recognition, and so it added value to the company Other forms of twitter use As described in prvious chapter Apart from the five main ways twitter can be used by companies. Twitter can also be used in many other ways. The main reason why this dessertetion focuses on the main five reason as described above is   becausse of   the   extensive use of the intangible work of individual tweeters in above mentioned forms of twitter use by companies. For some companies selling is not the priorety. Slightly more than half of European companies keep an record about the brand image over past years, to effectively   measure this many companys choose to use twitter, 45 percent of EU companies are using social media to improve interaction between the company and the customer. And with the rising number of talk shows using twitter as a enetertaiment source, its important to remark briefly the other ways of twiiter use by companies. Celebrities Famous celebrities were largely the reason for the popularity of Twitter worldwide. When a celebrity twitters a interesting information all the major talk shows and or magazines will use this in there broadcast and or magazine as a entertainment source for potential customers. Politicians There are also politicians who twitter, some even very fanatic. The leader of Groen links ( Dutch politician party) , Femke Halsema, is very well known politici who use twitter. She   has about 50,000 followers Femke Halseme does not use tweitter only discusiing Politics but she is also using it for private life. Its a new trend for politicians people to talk about there personal life in twitter. Twitter Actions Companies like Dell and United Airlines have such a large number of followers that they offer special promotions on twitter. United Airlines promotes several airtickets to different destination only for the United airlines followers on twitter, they do this to get more followers, which will mean a well known image in future. One of the tweets United airlines wrote; ‘Canada Tware! Floridians†¦ looking to get out of the sun? Head up north with our Canada Tware! See details @ http://tinyurl.com/yexolla’[17] The word tware is a combination between Twitter and Fare. Meanwhile it has become a familiar term in Twitter world. Computer manufacturer Dell claims to earned over 6.5 million U.S. dollars in 2009 with twares. From Free Labor to Voluntary Immaterial Labor Much has been written about the exploitation of labor by companies in todays digital economy. In the article Loser Generated Content: From Participation to Exploitation Petersen gives a list of examples of the different ways social media websites make money based on the immaterial labor of their users. Also writers like Terra Nova and Scholz emphasize that everything at work is performed on social media sites operated by large companies. Terra Nova does that with her notion of Free Labor and Scholtz suggest that: [] forty percent of all web traffic is concentrated on ten websites [] Most of these sites owe their popularity to the wealth of content generated by the visiting net publics that spend significant amounts of time on these very, very few sites thus creating wealth for a handful of corporate owners.[18] this a very pessimistic way of economic thinking which is too much focused on the commercial activities of the companies making money on immaterial labor on the Web. It may well be that money is for individuals who work, but the approach of theorists described above   one-sided view. A Marxist Analysis of Free Labor on the Internet as Schultz describes, implies that ther is a underlying plan behind Twitter for companies to earn money. Petersen also implicitly says that when he talks about the emergence of Web 2.0 in ITS early commercial stage, the Internet Proved bad at selling commodities, but really good at creating opportunities hype and economic bubbles. Something else was needed though, and subtler forms of creating surplus evolved in Web 2.0’.[19]   In the case of Twitter it seems unlikely that there is such a preconceived plan because individuals are rather using twitter than companies. Only recently companies have discovered the power of Twitter, and only recently they use it for their marketing. Petersen concluded in his article by saying that we need to find a new theory of work. A theory on one side exploitting and includes the idea of free labor, and on the other side it also takes into the consedaration that people can experience the joy of contributing to certain sites. both factors are important in research into contemporary social media. However, doing qualitative research on twitter and twitter users, then it is more efficient not to involve exploitation side. The emphasis in the Schultz, Petersen and Terra Nova analysis is they focus too much on the capitalist system behind collaborative initiatives on the Internet. To research the motives of people who are active on Twitter, it is relevant to talk about an form of work that has nothing to do with money. In that kind of research or analysis its irrelevant who makes money from the labor perfomred by people on a certain website, that is rather a conseguqnece that a cause. Most people are not twitterin because they   want to make money: Twitter is completely independent of the capitalist system of profit and earn money for individuals. In Empire Hardt and Negri say that []t he cooperative aspect of immaterial labor [] from the outside [is] imposed or organized, as in earlier forms of work was. [] This fact has reservations about the old notion which labor power as variable capital is considered, ie, as a force that is activated and made ​​coherent only by capital. This, they indicate that the initiative for example to twittering comes from people themselves. It has nothing to do with the question whether companies persuade people to do work for them. People are   twittering because they like it or find it useful to get in touch with each other. In my opinion the term Free Labor   can be deleted   free labour implies an economic relationship between the employer and the employee. If you perform ​​Free Labor, you work for free for companies who make money out of youre free labour. Therfore in my opinion lazzaratos theory about Immaterial Labour, would be more accurate if its called voluntary immaterial labour. Twittering by individuals is totally voluntary, it has in terms of individual twitter nothing to do with economic relations. Voluntary Immaterial labor is seen as a form of immaterial labor in which there is no need to think about which individuals and businesses to earn money somewhere. The   immaterial labor perfomed by twitter users is done because they like it as a time killer or because it helps their social life in some way. According to Wilson and Musick work that has be done voluntarily – voluntary work is characterized with three things. First, it is a productive act, something is produced. This may be a physical product, but can be knowledge or care aswell. Therefore human capital is required: knowledge, skills and experience. Secondly, volunteering is always been   a certain degree of something collective. With Several people a goal is aimed. Therefore the social capital of voluntary immaterial labour of importantce. Finally, voluntary work is where people often assume   to show their ethical side. They want to do something good, and also show it to other people. Cultural capital have s certain importance in this case. This term comes from Bourdieu. He describes that any act of consumption is associated with showing your taste. In everything you consume you indicate what your preferences are. This also applies when you consume youre free time. By showing how you consume   your free time, you give actually describe   what kind of person you are. Wuthnow suggests that when someone does something voluntarily, he or she also immediately shows one of his/hers charactaristics   for example as someone who does something voluntarily. This allows the volunteer to see a sympathetic person. Doing Something voluntary in this case can contributae to someone status and prestige. In this way, Bourdieus concept of cultural capital help in finding the reason why people are twittering. These people do not naively stupid, ignorant that they are operated by companies, but using Bourdieus term is to argue that people are twittering their identity to propagate. That they want to show that they are good at the time, for example, or that they are engaged. In this way, Bourdieus concept of cultural capital can help in finding the reason why people are twittering. These people do not twitter because of stupidity,   now knowing that they are exploited   by companies, but using Bourdieus term it is clear   that people are twittering to   improve their identity. For example to show that they do care. In this analysis it is important to distinguish between the side of the business and the fact that content on the Internet has been exploited on the onehand and the reasons for poeple twittertinf on the other hand. These are two completely different aspects of Twitter, and can not reflect on the motives of someone to twitter with an constantly thoughtin the   mind as a Marxist voice is telling you   about shameless exploitation. You cant only associate twitter with volunatry immaterial labour, many social webiste such as Facebook, MSN and many more can be associated with volunatry immaterial labour. When a facebook users post a comment on his friends home page, this has nothing to do with the economical relationship, not between the two users and also not between the user and the company, its volunatry imaterial labour. This dessretetion is not a result from a naive view of the commercial world. Its completeley logical that companies wants to make money from volunatry immaterial labout performed on twitter by users. I just believe that contuniously retain to the Marxist notion of Free Labor, sientist and researchers cannot researcg and analyse to the motivations of thosewho perfrom immaterial labour. Conclusie Twitter is used   in many different ways by different companys in their marketing campaigns there is no general way how Twitter can be used for a company, it seems that each company must figure out which way works best for them. What many companies have in common though is the fact that they are partially dependent on the willingness of their followers to perform immaterial labor. As is sometimes asked to re-tweet a message, by sending it to each other and sometimes tweeters deliver information or content to media companies. Alot is written by Italian autonomists about immatrial labour, this includes labor which   is characterized by the idea that the worker dont see the work as a job, it does not feel like labour. The reason for this is because nothing physical has been produced,   however it is more the production   of information and the cultural aspects. The main characteristis of immaterial labor is the increasing difficulty to distinguish work time and leisure.   Terranova describes free labour as perfomring labour while not getting a reward in financial and or any other terms. Inherent to Free Labor, the assumption is that companies earn money by the labour that has been performed. In my opinion it is not always necessary   to approach labour in this way. In fact, when youre constantly aware of the fact that others make money from your work,   it possibly reduce   the enjoyment people can   have while performing an voluntary work on the internet.   I therefore recommends to discuss voluntary labor, when research has been done into the user side of Twitter. This term is not about capitalist relations between workers and companies and it instantly shows   the reason why people do participate in Social Media platforms, because they themselves want to do this.   Apart from that I do think that the notion of free labor may be retained. In other cases it is still relevant is that labor is exploited. For a further investigation it may be interesting to examine whatever the   reasons are   people twittering. To investigate this, my idea of voluntary immaterial labor can useful. With an investigation in that direction it can alsodive more content to this term, to cllasify different forms of voluntary Immaterial labor. It is also interesting to see in further research how twitter can be sued by compnays in detailed way. Does it really generate money, such as computer maker Dell claims? And what way I have described above works best for business? in business this can be an interesting issue. Reference [1] Graham, Paula. ‘Web 2.0 and why?’. Fossbox. Slide 5. 18-5-2010 http://fossbox.org.uk/blog/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/1-what-why-how.pdf [2] Thomases, Hollis. Twitter Marketing: an hour a day. Indianapolis: Wiley Publishing, 2010: p. 39. [3] Thomases, Hollis. Twitter Marketing: an hour a day. Indianapolis: Wiley Publishing, 2010: p. 39. [4] Thomases 2010: p. 87. [5] In: Cotà ©, M. The Italian Foucault: Subjectivity, Valorization, and Communication. Politics and Culture, 2003, issue 3. 13-4-2010 politicsandculture.org/2003/07/08/mark-cote-the-italian-foucault-subjectivity-val. [6] Lazzarato 1996: p. 4. [7] Terranova 2000: p. 37. [8] Davenport, T.H., J.C. Beck. The attention economy: Understanding the new currency of business. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business Press, 2002: p. 20. [9] Smythe, Dallas W. ‘On the Audience Commodity and its Work’, in M.G. Durham and D.M. Kellner (red.) Media and Cultural Studies. Key Works. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2001: p. 256. [10] Petersen, Sà ¸ren Mà ¸rk. ‘Loser Generated Content: From Participation to Exploitation’. First Monday, Vol. 13, Nr. 3 (3-3-2008). 21-4-2010 http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/ viewArticle/2141/1948 (Italics van de auteur, citaat komt van Dyer-Witheford, Nick. ‘Cyber–negri: General intellect and immaterial labor,’ In: T.S. Murphy and A.K. Mustapha, red. Resistance in practice: The philosophy of Antonio Negri. London: Pluto Press, 2005: p. 142) [11] In: Virno, Paolo. ‘General Intellect’. Vert. Arianna Bove. Generation Online, 2001. 22-4-2010 generation-online.org/p/fpvirno10.htm [12] ‘Haiti Earthquake. What we’re hearing’. 13-1-2010. CNN. 16-3-2010 cnn.com/2010/TECH/01/12/haiti.social.media/index.html [13] Thomas Jr., Greg. Building the buzz in the hive mind. Journal of Consumer Behaviour. 2004, Vol. 4 Issue 1, p 64. 17-5-2010 http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112587927/PDFSTART [14] bron: http://twitter.com/rapid_razor_bob/status/9782685646 [15] bron: http://twitter.com/rapid_razor_bob/status/9785482413 [16] Terranova 2000: p. 42. [17] Bron: http://twitter.com/UnitedAirlines/status/11104848684 [18] Scholtz, Trebor. ‘What the MySpace generation should know about working for  free’. 3-4-2007. Collectivate.net. 25-4-2010 collectivate.net/journalisms/2007/4/3/what-the-myspace-generation-should-know-about-working-for-free.html [19] Petersen, 2010.

Aircrafts Maintenance - A Commercial and Public Essential Annotated Bibliography

Aircrafts Maintenance - A Commercial and Public Essential - Annotated Bibliography Example The demand for its services, as with most transport, is a derived one that is driven by the needs and desires to attain some other, final objective. Air transport can facilitate, for example, in the economic development of a region or of a particular industry such as tourism, but there has to be a latent demand for the goods and services offered by a region or by an industry.† Since all major business operation, conducted an international scale by the multinational organizations require air traveling, the safety and protection of the crew and passengers is a matter of grave concern for the airline industry. Consequently, the companies pay due heed to the reparation and overhauling procedure on regular basis in order to ensure a safe journey on the one hand, and for minimizing the maintenance expenditures on the other. â€Å"Aircraft maintenance†, CAA states, â€Å"is an essential component of the aviation system which supports the global aviation industry. As air traffi c grows and the stringent requirements of commercial schedules impose increased demands upon aircraft utilization, the pressures on maintenance operations for on-time performance will also continue to escalate.† This annotated bibliography consists of five pieces of research on the need and significance of aircraft overhauling on regular basis in order to avoid any unpleasant and untoward state of affairs during the flight. First research has been made by Samaranyake et al in 2002, in which they have elaborated the importance of the structure and design of aircraft in the overhauling and reparation procedures. To conclude, it becomes evident that all the researches discussed above throw light upon the maintenance, reparation and overhauling systems of the aircrafts.  

Technological change in organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Technological change in organizations - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that the development of technology has changed the entire world of business. This change has encompassed activities from very basic level of idea generation such as through CAD (Computer Aided Design) to product or service production by CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing) and post business activities.   From the computer revolution to the Internet and most recently and constantly growing Internet based applications such as trading on the Internet, social media, etc., have all forced businesses to harness their adaption to high-paced change by anticipating it rather than following the change merely for survival. Fast pace of technological change has also proved to be proportional to the benefits it brings to business. Immense literature has been developed based on studying various aspects of the technological change to business. ISACA, global nonprofit IT association, has predicted that the entire year 2012, IT departments of business will be collecting huge data from various sources. Growingly conducting a complex procedure to manage the bulk of zeros and ones in a way that benefits the firm with growing return on investment will remain a challenge for IT departments of businesses. This big handling of data constantly grows on the horizontal as well the vertical bases with more of 40 percent projected growth in global data generated in year 2010 while spending on IT has increased by only 5 percent. The rise in demand for people handling big data is so steep that availability of big data analytical talent in US in year 2018 is expected to override the supply (Manyika et al., 2011). (Manyika et al., 2011) Data sources range from consumer behavior at physical outlets to a large number of internet subsections. The emergence of a ubiquitous phenomenon in 2000 has changed the entire business model, constantly challenging IT department to increase capacity to manage (Kenney, and Marshall, 2000). (Kenney, and Marshall, 2000) For instance, technique in retail industry such as bar code, radio frequency identification (RFID) technology and vendor-managed inventory (VMI),  etc. (Smaros, and Holmstrom, 2000), and similar techniques multiply pressure as retrieving and constantly updating data remains with the IT section. Similarly, Self Service Technologies (SST’s), mainly adopted in the financial sector with the Internet banking and ATM, etc., has already put extensive pressure on the IT section. Though these techniques have been developed in the past, constant efforts from the marketing side of business to offer various promotions and extracting information based on consumer activity require increased efforts from the IT section in respect of the program development, i.e. the way information can be retrieved or updated. Applications of social media such as Facebook, twitter, blogs; heavy video content such as Multimedia content, which already accounts for more than half of the Internet traffic, is expected to grow by 70 percent in year 2013, with